Finest 22 magnum bolt motion rifle: Unveiling the precision and energy of this fashionable cartridge. From searching expeditions to focus on observe, this information delves into the guts of .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles, exploring their historical past, options, efficiency, and sensible functions. Uncover the right match on your wants, whether or not you are a seasoned marksman or a curious newcomer to the world of firearms.
This complete assessment examines every little thing from the delicate nuances of barrel size to the essential function of ammunition choice, and dives into the intricate workings of those spectacular firearms. We’ll dissect the important components that outline accuracy, reliability, and security, offering a radical understanding for anybody contemplating a .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle.
Introduction to .22 Magnum Bolt Motion Rifles
The .22 Magnum, a cartridge famend for its punch and flexibility, finds an ideal residence in bolt-action rifles. These rifles provide a mix of precision, energy, and affordability, making them a preferred selection for numerous capturing actions. Their historic evolution, mixed with sensible functions, has cemented their place within the capturing group. From plinking to critical varmint searching, these rifles provide one thing for everybody.This cartridge’s story started with a need to enhance on the .22 Brief and .22 Lengthy Rifle, making a cartridge with increased velocity and vitality.
This led to the .22 Magnum, which shortly turned a preferred selection for small-game searching and goal capturing. The introduction of bolt-action rifles for this cartridge additional enhanced its attraction, providing a mixture of accuracy and reliability.
Historic Context and Evolution
The .22 Magnum cartridge, a product of the need for extra energy and velocity within the .22 rimfire household, was launched within the mid-Twentieth century. Early .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles typically featured easier designs and have been aimed toward goal capturing and small-game searching. As know-how superior, producers integrated higher supplies and manufacturing processes, resulting in extra correct and dependable rifles.
This evolution displays the continual quest for enchancment in firearms know-how.
Frequent Purposes and Makes use of
.22 Magnum bolt-action rifles are employed in a variety of capturing actions. Their versatility stems from the cartridge’s capability to ship adequate energy for small- to medium-sized recreation, whereas sustaining accuracy appropriate for goal observe. These rifles are generally used for:
- Small-game searching: Appropriate for varmints, small rodents, and a few birds. The .22 Magnum’s efficient vary and energy make it a viable choice for these functions, whereas its comparatively low recoil makes it user-friendly.
- Goal capturing: The accuracy and comparatively low price of .22 Magnum ammunition make them fashionable selections for goal observe. Many aggressive shooters make the most of these rifles for precision drills.
- Varmint searching: The .22 Magnum’s capability to ship a major quantity of vitality at a manageable price makes it a gorgeous choice for varmint searching. The compact dimension of many fashions permits for comfy use in several conditions.
- Plinking and leisure capturing: The .22 Magnum’s comparatively reasonably priced ammunition and manageable recoil make it supreme for plinking and different leisure capturing actions. The provision of varied ammunition varieties additionally permits for adjusting the ability and traits for various capturing wants.
Distinguishing Options
In comparison with different rifle varieties, .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles exhibit particular traits. They often function a bolt motion mechanism for loading and unloading, offering a dependable and correct methodology of firing. The .22 Magnum cartridge itself contributes to the rifle’s design, influencing the barrel size, inventory dimensions, and general weight. These rifles usually provide a stability of energy, accuracy, and maneuverability.
Classes of .22 Magnum Bolt-Motion Rifles
.22 Magnum bolt-action rifles are broadly categorized primarily based on their meant use:
- Looking rifles: These rifles prioritize stability of accuracy and energy for searching, with options like a sturdy inventory, heavier barrel, and probably a scope mount.
- Goal rifles: These rifles are engineered for precision capturing, typically that includes a heavier barrel, adjustable triggers, and a particular inventory design that enhances accuracy.
- Varmint rifles: These rifles are particularly designed for varmint searching and are sometimes characterised by a compact design and a fast dealing with mechanism, appropriate for smaller recreation. Typically, a quick-handling design, a shorter barrel, and a cushty inventory are distinguished options.
Key Options and Specs
The .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle, a preferred selection for goal capturing, plinking, and small-game searching, boasts a singular mix of energy and precision. Understanding its key options is crucial for choosing the suitable rifle on your wants. From barrel size to set off mechanism, every facet performs a vital function within the rifle’s efficiency.These rifles provide a satisfying stability of portability and effectiveness.
Whether or not you are a seasoned marksman or simply beginning out, understanding these specs will empower you to make an knowledgeable resolution. This detailed overview will aid you navigate the choices and select a .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle that matches your preferences and ability stage.
Barrel Size and Impression on Efficiency
Barrel size considerably impacts accuracy and velocity. Longer barrels present extra time for the bullet to stabilize, resulting in improved accuracy at longer ranges. Shorter barrels, whereas extra maneuverable, might sacrifice some accuracy and velocity. The optimum barrel size is determined by the meant use of the rifle. For instance, an extended barrel is good for goal capturing, whereas a shorter barrel is likely to be most well-liked for searching in dense brush.
An ordinary barrel size for .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles is between 18 and 26 inches.
Inventory Design and Supplies
Rifle shares are essential for dealing with and luxury. Completely different supplies and designs provide various ranges of sturdiness, weight, and ergonomics. Wooden shares are conventional, typically offering a basic really feel and glorious grip. Artificial shares are lighter, extra sturdy, and infrequently extra proof against moisture. Adjustable shares enable for personalised match and luxury, catering to numerous shooter preferences.
Elements to contemplate embrace inventory size, width, and grip form.
Set off Mechanisms
Set off mechanisms instantly affect capturing accuracy and consistency. A crisp, clear break is paramount for exact photographs. Some .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles function a single-stage set off, whereas others have a two-stage set off. A two-stage set off permits for a smoother, managed set off pull, which may improve accuracy and cut back recoil. The set off weight and pull are additionally necessary concerns for the shooter’s consolation and precision.
Frequent Specs and Comparability
This desk gives a common comparability of frequent .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle specs. It highlights variations throughout totally different manufacturers and fashions, enabling a clearer understanding of the various choices out there.
| Model & Mannequin | Weight (lbs) | Barrel Size (in) | Inventory Materials | Set off Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Springfield X-Bolt | 6.5 | 20 | Artificial | Two-stage |
| Savage Mannequin 10 | 7.0 | 22 | Wooden | Single-stage |
| CZ 455 | 6.0 | 24 | Wooden | Two-stage |
| Remington 700 | 7.2 | 20 | Artificial | Two-stage |
Completely different combos of barrel size, inventory materials, and set off mechanism result in various experiences. A shorter barrel with an artificial inventory will be lighter and extra maneuverable, supreme for close-range capturing. An extended barrel with a wooden inventory, then again, is likely to be most well-liked for precision at longer distances. In the end, your best option is determined by your particular person wants and preferences.
Efficiency Evaluation
The .22 Magnum, a preferred selection for goal capturing and plinking, boasts a singular efficiency profile that units it aside. Understanding its accuracy, energy, and recoil traits is essential for choosing the suitable rifle on your wants. Its compact dimension and comparatively low price make it accessible to a variety of shooters.The .22 Magnum, regardless of its seemingly diminutive cartridge, packs a shocking punch.
Its efficiency, notably in bolt-action rifles, is fastidiously balanced to supply each accuracy and manageable recoil. This stability is vital to having fun with constant capturing classes with out undue fatigue.
Accuracy and Ballistic Traits
.22 Magnum bolt-action rifles, when correctly maintained and shot by expert shooters, ship exceptional accuracy. This accuracy is essentially depending on the rifle’s high quality, the shooter’s approach, and the ammunition used. A well-tuned rifle, coupled with exact capturing, can yield constantly tight teams at frequent ranges. The ballistic trajectory is comparatively flat, making it appropriate for a wide range of capturing functions.
Energy and Power Ranges
The .22 Magnum, whereas smaller than many different cartridges, delivers surprisingly excessive vitality ranges. Its vitality output is mostly decrease than that of bigger calibers like .30-30 or .308, however nonetheless fairly able to attaining deadly outcomes on varmints. The muzzle velocity and vitality switch of the bullet will fluctuate primarily based on the precise bullet design and rifle used.
Bullet Varieties and Their Impression
The choice of bullet varieties considerably impacts the accuracy and vary of the .22 Magnum. Hole-point bullets are sometimes favored for varmint searching on account of their increasing nature, providing elevated stopping energy. Strong, jacketed bullets excel in goal capturing, offering extra constant accuracy and longer vary potential. The bullet weight, form, and building all have an effect on how the bullet behaves in flight.
As an illustration, a heavier bullet might preserve velocity longer and obtain increased vitality switch at longer ranges.
Recoil Traits
Recoil in .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles is mostly manageable, particularly in comparison with bigger calibers. Nevertheless, recoil can fluctuate significantly primarily based on the precise rifle’s design, barrel size, and the bullet weight. Light-weight rifles, shorter barrels, and lighter bullets will end in decrease recoil. Heavier bullets will are inclined to have extra felt recoil. Skilled shooters typically select rifles with options like a heavier barrel or inventory to assist mitigate recoil.
Price of Fireplace and Biking Mechanisms
Bolt-action rifles inherently have a slower fee of fireside in comparison with semi-automatic rifles. The guide biking mechanism introduces a pause between photographs, limiting the rapid-fire functionality. Nevertheless, this guide motion permits for exact management and adjustment between photographs. Completely different bolt-action rifles might use barely totally different biking mechanisms, which may influence the speed of fireside and ease of operation.
Reliability and Sturdiness
A .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle’s reliability and sturdiness are essential components for any shooter. These rifles, typically chosen for his or her versatility and affordability, should stand up to the trials of repeated use and preserve constant efficiency. Understanding the supplies, building, potential points, and upkeep protocols is vital to maximizing the rifle’s lifespan and guaranteeing constant accuracy.The power and longevity of a .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle hinge on the standard of its building.
Excessive-quality fashions typically function sturdy supplies and meticulous manufacturing processes. This interprets to a rifle that may endure the wear and tear and tear of constant capturing and preserve correct efficiency over time.
Supplies Utilized in Building
Trendy .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles usually make the most of a mix of supplies for optimum efficiency and sturdiness. Metal is usually used for the barrel, receiver, and bolt, offering power and resistance to put on. Solid elements are most well-liked in lots of instances for his or her inherent power and dimensional stability. Excessive-strength alloys, corresponding to these incorporating nickel or chrome, might also be employed to additional improve the barrel’s resistance to corrosion and erosion.
Inventory supplies, typically together with wooden, artificial polymers, or fiberglass, are chosen for his or her influence resistance, moisture resistance, and general sturdiness.
Construct High quality and Tolerances
Precision in manufacturing is paramount for a dependable firearm. Excessive-quality .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles exhibit tight tolerances, guaranteeing that every one transferring elements match exactly and performance seamlessly. This consideration to element minimizes friction, enhances the rifle’s accuracy, and contributes to its longevity. Decrease-quality rifles might exhibit looser tolerances, which may result in malfunctions and decreased accuracy.
Frequent Causes of Malfunctions
A number of components can contribute to malfunctions in .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles. These embrace points with the bolt mechanism, corresponding to improper lubrication, broken elements, or misalignment. Moreover, issues with the set off meeting or journal could cause malfunctions. Environmental components corresponding to excessive temperature modifications can even have an effect on efficiency. Correct upkeep is important to figuring out and stopping these issues.
Upkeep Procedures and Longevity
Common upkeep is important for extending the lifespan of a .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle. This consists of cleansing the barrel, lubricating transferring elements, and inspecting for put on and tear. Diligent cleansing helps to take away fouling, which may impair accuracy and result in potential malfunctions. Correct lubrication reduces friction and prevents elements from seizing, guaranteeing easy operation. Common inspections for put on and tear enable for early detection of potential issues, stopping catastrophic failures.
Upkeep Schedule
| Upkeep Process | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Cleansing the barrel | After each 50-100 rounds |
| Lubricating transferring elements | Each 100-200 rounds |
| Inspecting for put on and tear | Each 500 rounds |
| Cleansing the motion and journal | Each 200-500 rounds |
| Set off adjustment and inspection | Yearly |
| Inventory inspection and restore (if wanted) | Yearly |
Sensible Purposes and Concerns
The .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle presents a singular mix of versatility and affordability, making it a preferred selection for numerous capturing actions. From exact goal observe to the joys of varmint searching, its manageable dimension and potent cartridge mix to ship an attractive expertise for shooters of all ability ranges. Understanding the precise functions and the nuances of ammunition choice is essential for maximizing enjoyment and security.
Use Circumstances
The .22 Magnum’s capabilities prolong past a single function. Its vitality and accuracy make it appropriate for goal capturing, small-game searching, and varmint management. Every utility presents its personal set of concerns concerning ammunition and security. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for choosing the suitable rifle and ammunition for the meant use.
Ammunition Selections
A big selection of .22 Magnum ammunition is on the market, every with its personal traits and efficiency. Excessive-velocity choices excel in goal capturing and varmint searching on account of their prolonged vary and exact trajectory. Subsonic rounds are sometimes most well-liked for small-game searching, as their decrease sound profile minimizes disturbance and reduces noise air pollution. The choice of ammunition ought to all the time be tailor-made to the precise use case.
Security Measures
Security ought to all the time be paramount when dealing with firearms. Strict adherence to firearm security guidelines is essential to keep away from accidents. All the time deal with each firearm as if it have been loaded, preserve the muzzle pointed in a secure course, and make sure the set off is just not engaged till prepared to fireplace. Common upkeep and inspection of the rifle are important for continued security and reliability.
Price of Possession
The price of possession for a .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle varies considerably primarily based on the precise mannequin, model, and options. Entry-level fashions are comparatively reasonably priced, providing a superb stability of efficiency and worth. Excessive-end rifles typically incorporate premium supplies and options, resulting in the next price ticket however probably enhancing accuracy and sturdiness.
Professionals and Cons Desk
| Use Case | Professionals | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Goal Capturing | Excessive accuracy, reasonably priced ammunition, manageable recoil. | Restricted vary in comparison with bigger calibers, is probably not supreme for very long-range targets. |
| Small Recreation Looking | Efficient for smaller recreation, manageable recoil, comparatively reasonably priced. | Could require cautious shot placement on account of much less stopping energy in comparison with bigger calibers. |
| Varmint Looking | Efficient at eliminating pests, reasonable stopping energy, accuracy and effectiveness at longer ranges. | Probably increased price of ammunition, is probably not supreme for big recreation. |
Common Fashions and Manufacturers
Choosing the right .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle is like discovering a well-worn pair of trainers – it takes a little bit of exploration and a superb really feel for the match. Completely different manufacturers and fashions cater to numerous wants and preferences, from the budget-conscious shooter to the seasoned collector. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of every is vital to creating the suitable selection.
Overview of Common Fashions
Quite a few fashions and types provide .22 Magnum bolt-action rifles, every with its personal distinctive traits. Selecting the most effective match typically includes contemplating components like construct high quality, accuracy, and options. The next desk presents a snapshot of some fashionable choices, offering a place to begin on your analysis.
| Mannequin Identify | Model | Key Options | Value (Estimated) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Savage Mannequin 10 | Savage Arms | Recognized for its affordability, reliability, and accuracy. Typically praised for its easy motion and user-friendly design. | $300 – $500 |
| CZ 455 American | CZ-USA | Boasts a status for high-quality Czech craftsmanship, providing glorious accuracy and sturdy building. Typically seen as a step up in high quality in comparison with different fashions in its worth vary. | $500 – $800 |
| Remington 700 | Remington | A legendary title in firearms. The 700 platform is a well-liked selection for its versatility, adaptability, and a broad vary of barrel lengths and inventory configurations. | $600 – $1000+ |
| Tikka T3x | Tikka | Finnish-made Tikka rifles are identified for his or her glorious accuracy and light-weight design. They typically function a crisp set off and sturdy motion, proving their status for precision. | $600 – $1000+ |
Model Status and Historical past
Sure manufacturers have established a robust presence within the .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle market. Their historical past and status typically affect the perceived high quality and worth of their merchandise. Savage, for example, has a protracted custom of manufacturing dependable and reasonably priced firearms, making them a preferred selection for inexperienced persons. CZ-USA rifles signify a mixture of Jap European craftsmanship and Western market calls for.
Remington has a wealthy legacy, and the 700 platform stands as a testomony to their expertise in firearms manufacturing. Tikka, from Finland, has gained recognition for its accuracy and a spotlight to element. Every model presents one thing totally different, making it important to know their distinctive traits earlier than making a purchase order.
Evaluating Strengths and Weaknesses
No single rifle excels in each facet. The Savage, for instance, is likely to be an awesome value-driven selection for somebody simply beginning, however might not provide the identical stage of precision as a CZ. The Remington 700, whereas versatile, typically carries the next price ticket. Tikka rifles provide distinctive accuracy, however is probably not as user-friendly for these unfamiliar with the rifle’s specific design options.
Understanding the trade-offs between totally different fashions is essential to creating an knowledgeable resolution.
Particular Options of Every Mannequin
Past the fundamental traits, numerous options differentiate every mannequin. The Savage’s easy motion and user-friendly design make it a perfect selection for inexperienced persons. The CZ 455’s sturdy building and excessive accuracy are enticing to skilled shooters. The Remington 700’s versatility permits for personalization, whereas Tikka’s give attention to accuracy and light-weight design appeals to these searching for precision. These particular particulars can affect the general efficiency and usefulness of the rifle.
Capturing Strategies and Concerns
Unlocking the complete potential of your .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle includes mastering the artwork of exact capturing. This entails understanding optimum positions, ammunition choice, scope changes, and unwavering give attention to accuracy. A deep dive into these components empowers you to benefit from this versatile firearm, guaranteeing each security and efficient efficiency.
Advisable Capturing Positions
Choosing the proper capturing place is essential for constant accuracy. A steady platform minimizes recoil and permits for exact follow-through. Completely different positions cater to numerous capturing situations. A inclined place, for example, presents the best stability and is good for longer-range targets, however will be harder to get into shortly. The benchrest place, typically utilized in competitions, gives distinctive stability, however is much less sensible for area functions.
The standing place is extra versatile and sensible for area situations and permits for a faster transition between photographs. Think about the goal’s distance, terrain, and the necessity for speedy follow-up photographs when deciding on the suitable place.
Acceptable Ammunition Varieties, Finest 22 magnum bolt motion rifle
The selection of ammunition instantly impacts accuracy and efficiency. Completely different targets demand totally different ammunition varieties. For exact goal capturing, high-quality, match-grade ammunition presents essentially the most constant efficiency. For plinking, cheaper choices suffice. For searching small recreation, hollow-point ammunition is usually most well-liked for its enlargement capabilities.
For instance, utilizing a high-velocity .22 Magnum cartridge with a hollow-point bullet is likely to be a good selection for searching small rodents, however this selection will probably be totally different in case you are focusing on bigger recreation.
Optimum Scope Setup
Figuring out the optimum scope setup is an important facet of .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle capturing. The magnification stage, reticle kind, and scope mounting configuration all have an effect on accuracy. The next magnification is likely to be advantageous for long-range capturing, whereas a decrease magnification permits for a wider area of view. The reticle kind ought to align with the meant use. A crosshair reticle is likely to be the commonest selection for common capturing, however a extra complicated reticle may very well be used for specialised capturing conditions.
Correct scope mounting ensures the scope is securely affixed to the rifle and that the optic is aligned with the rifle’s barrel.
Sustaining Accuracy
Constant accuracy is paramount for profitable .22 Magnum capturing. A meticulous method to upkeep is crucial for optimum efficiency. Correct cleansing and lubrication of the rifle’s motion prevents malfunctions and ensures easy operation. Common barrel cleansing and inspection decrease fouling and preserve constant accuracy. Checking and adjusting the scope’s zeroing continuously ensures that the rifle constantly hits the meant goal.
Protected and Efficient Capturing Strategies
Following a structured, step-by-step course of ensures each security and effectivity.
- Preparation: Make sure the rifle is unloaded, and test the ammunition kind for compatibility with the meant goal. Correct apparel and eye safety are important. Confirm the scope is appropriately zeroed for the ammunition used.
- Positioning: Choose essentially the most appropriate capturing place primarily based on the goal’s distance and terrain. Keep a agency and steady stance. Guarantee correct hand placement on the rifle.
- Sight Alignment: Align the rifle’s sights with the goal. Exactly alter the scope for correct focusing on, if relevant.
- Respiration Management: Take sluggish, deep breaths, and preserve regular respiration to attenuate motion whereas taking the shot.
- Set off Management: Make use of a easy, regular set off pull, avoiding jerking or flinching.
- Comply with-By way of: Keep a gradual maintain on the rifle after the shot to keep away from pointless motion.
- Security Verify: After every shot, test that the rifle is unloaded earlier than transferring to the subsequent shot.
Security and Authorized Concerns: Finest 22 Magnum Bolt Motion Rifle
Firing a .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle is a accountable endeavor, requiring a deep understanding of security protocols and native laws. It isn’t simply concerning the mechanics of the rifle; it is about understanding your accountability as a firearm proprietor. This part delves into the essential points of secure dealing with, authorized possession, and the significance of accountable gun possession.An important facet of proudly owning a firearm is knowing the authorized framework surrounding its use.
Completely different jurisdictions have distinct legal guidelines concerning firearm possession, together with restrictions on who can possess them, the place they are often carried, and the way they can be utilized. Ignorance of those legal guidelines can result in extreme authorized penalties.
Protected Gun Dealing with Practices
Protected gun dealing with practices are paramount to stopping accidents. Negligence can result in critical damage and even fatalities. All the time deal with each firearm as if it have been loaded, and by no means level it at something you do not intend to shoot.
- All the time make sure the barrel is obvious of obstructions earlier than loading.
- Preserve your finger off the set off till you might be able to shoot.
- All the time concentrate on your goal and what’s past it.
- Use applicable eye and ear safety when firing.
- Retailer firearms securely, out of attain of kids and unauthorized people.
- Recurrently examine the firearm for any injury or malfunctions.
Authorized Necessities for Possession
Understanding the authorized framework for proudly owning and utilizing a .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle in your jurisdiction is crucial. Legal guidelines fluctuate considerably from state to state and nation to nation. Researching native legal guidelines is important earlier than proudly owning or utilizing a firearm.
- Age restrictions: Most jurisdictions have minimal ages for proudly owning firearms. All the time confirm the authorized age restrict in your space.
- Licensing necessities: Some jurisdictions require licenses or permits to own firearms. Verify for particular necessities in your space.
- Restrictions on use: Some areas might limit the place or when firearms can be utilized. These restrictions can apply to searching, goal capturing, or different actions.
- Background checks: Background checks are necessary for buying firearms in lots of locations. Understanding the method is necessary.
Security Laws and Requirements
Adhering to security laws and requirements is essential for stopping accidents. These laws goal to attenuate the dangers related to firearm use. Security requirements and laws are designed to guard each the person and people round them.
- Protected storage practices: Safe storage is important. Use a gun secure or different safe storage methodology.
- Correct dealing with methods: All the time deal with firearms with respect and deal with them with care.
- Coaching and training: Search skilled coaching in firearm security and dealing with to realize a deeper understanding of secure practices.
Significance of Accountable Gun Possession
Accountable gun possession is about extra than simply following the foundations. It is about understanding the potential penalties of your actions and taking precautions to forestall accidents. This consists of respect for the regulation, consideration for others, and dedication to non-public security.
- Training and consciousness: Repeatedly educate your self on correct dealing with methods and authorized necessities.
- Group engagement: Take part in firearm security discussions and share your information with others.
- Selling accountable gun tradition: Advocate for and help insurance policies that promote accountable firearm possession.
Important Security Guidelines for .22 Magnum Rifle Use
These security guidelines are essential for stopping accidents. Comply with them diligently each time you deal with your .22 Magnum bolt-action rifle.
- All the time deal with the rifle as if it have been loaded, even when unloaded.
- By no means level the rifle at something you don’t intend to shoot.
- Preserve your finger off the set off till you might be able to shoot.
- Make sure the barrel is obvious of obstructions earlier than loading.
- Pay attention to your environment and the world past your goal.
- Use applicable eye and ear safety.
